Final Exam Review

You’ll choose terms you’re most comfortable writing about from a selection (so if I ask for 5, there might be 10 to choose from).
All of the terms will come from this sheet.
Remember, the definition itself will only be half of this question — you must also be able to discuss in detail why it’s important.

Essays: I will ask you to write two essays having to do with overall themes of the course. You will need to provide an argument supported by three solid examples on a topic related to a major theme of the course.

There will be some kind of extra credit. The essays will count for most of the grade on the exam (around 60%).

Approach to Preparing

Make a list of the most important milestone events in the periods we’ve discussed.

CAUSES — Make sure you can identify the most important factors that helped cause these events — including long-term factors (“the environment”) and short-term factors (“the spark”)
LEGACIES — Make sure you can identify the legacies of the milestone event. How did it change the culture, society, etc.? What impact did it have on future milestones and events?

Using this review sheet

For each of the questions below, see whether you have a strong idea how to answer, an okay idea how to answer, or a weak sense of how to answer. Review from the books and your notes at least the “weak” ones.
Approach the questions below as a means of gauging topic to spend more time with in review, and as a guide to how you’ll express and illustrate what’s really important—the larger themes of the course.
Take note of the terms below and review ones you’re unfamiliar with.
Note that there is seldom one and only one answer to the kind of questions on this review sheet.

WHY almost always means “For what reasons…?”
HOW almost always means “In what ways…?”

Preparation for the essays

Try to come up with possible essay questions and map out in advance examples and interpretations that might pertain.
List the key topics that might relate to important periods of change, such as wars or reforms that changed everything.
Discussion groups can be helpful in comparing others’ interpretations of topics and ideas with your own.
In the essays you should be able to talk about, and use as examples, relevant primary source documents and assigned articles.
Concerning dates: I’m not going to ask you for exact dates but you should know the period in which a people are important or an event occurs, and which events occur before or after which other events. You’re best off if you know centuries.

Introduction and Evidence

Why is gender in antiquity so difficult to study?
How do ancient gender roles relate to the ideas of public and private? Past and future? Mortal and divine?
What does Umberto Eco mean in Name of the Rose when he has William of Baskerville say, “Books are not meant to be believed, but to be subjected to inquiry”?
TERMS: primary source – intentional and unintentional bias – periodization

Sumer

Why does intercourse with Shamhat transfer Enkidu from the wild to civilization, and why is his process of civilization significant?
What is the significance of Shamhat being a harlot?
What do Ishtar’s interactions with Gilgamesh tell us about her as a goddess? What factors spur Gilgamesh’s rejection of her?
What role does Ninsun, Gilgamesh’s mother, play in his story?
TERMS: Shamhat – Ishtar – city-state – “the work of a woman”

Egypt

What’s the relationship between Egypt’s gods and its pharaohs? How does this relate to the pharaoh’s gender?
How does Hatshepsut come to be accepted as pharaoh? Is Hatshepsut a queen, or a female king? Is there a difference?
How did Thutmose III treat her memory at the end of his reign? What are some of the possible explanations for his actions?
Why is an innovation such as a female pharaoh more likely in the New Kingdom than in previous eras? How have things changed?
What role did Nefertiti play in the political and religious dramas of her time?
How does Cleopatra VII, the last of the pharaohs, represent both Egyptian and Hellenistic traditions?
TERMS: damnatio memoriae – ma’at – God’s Wife of Amun – Hatshepsut – Nefertiti

Israel

What factors help to bring about the exclusion of women from religious positions and rituals in the years following the return to Judea?
In the book of Esther, how is Esther characterized? How is she contrasted to Vashti, the Persian wife of the king?
What is the story of Esther trying to say? Why do you think it was important that it be included in the sacred writings of the Jews?
TERMS: Babylonian captivity – Esther

Gods and Goddesses

What kinds of gender roles characterize the pre-Olympian gods (the Titans), such as Cronos (male) and Gaia and Rhea (female)?
What do you think is the significance of the first children of Zeus being sets of daughters—the fates, the muses, and the graces?
How does Athena seem to stand astride gender roles? What’s the significance of her birth?
How does Hekate occupy a special place in relation to the gods and mortals?
Why do you think humans told stories of the gods misbehaving so often?
How is Pandora made the instrument of humanity’s punishment? How does this story relate to the Judeo-Christian story of Eve?
How did the Egyptian goddess Isis find a place in the Roman pantheon? What appeal did she hold to people in the empire?
TERMS: Homer – Hesiod – Rhea – birth of Athena – Pandora – numen – Vesta – Fortuna – Bona Dea – Isis

Epic and Drama

How is marriage used in Homer’s works (Agamemnon/Klytaemnestra, Hector/Adromache, Meneleaos/Helen, Odysseos/Penelope) to make arguments about right and wrong?
Why is Klytaemnestra such a polarizing figure? What do you think she represents to different people?
What does the story of Nausicaa—and her parents—tell us about the expectations of women in the Greek world?
What does Penelope’s artifice (her holding off the suiters with her weaving) tell us about her role as lady of Ithaca? Why is her son, Telemachos, so useless in all this?
How does Aeschylos’s play Eumenides show the Furies and Athena as goddesses? How does the fact that Orestes murdered his mother factor in? What does this play tell us about Athens at the time it was written?
What is Euripides’s play The Bacchae telling us about relations between genders in Athens? Why is Dionysos angry? Why are the ones experiencing his frenzy women, and why does Pentheos end up dead? What is the playwright trying to tell us?
In Sophocles’s play Antigone, what is the conflict between Creon and Antigone about? How is gender relevant to both of them?
In Euripides’s play Medea, why does Jason cast Medea aside? How is Medea’s vengeance shown? Why does she get away with it?
TERMS: Klytaemnestra – Penelope – Iphigeneia – Antigone – Medea – Medusa

Greek Society

How is lyric poetry different from epic poetry (like Homer)? How is Sappho’s poetry so representative of this form?
What are some possible explanations for Hesiod’s comments about women in Works and Days?
What do the stylized statue forms of archaic Greeks (kouros male, korē female) tell us about gender expectations in this period?
Sparta and Athens are atypical extremes in many ways, including the status of women. How were things different for women in Sparta? How are gender roles for men reinforced in Sparta?
As with Sparta, Athens was an atypical extreme. What do we know about the treatment of women in classical Athens? What are some of the explanations? How were things different between the upper and lower classes?
What role did Greek women play in the transmission of cultural narrative?
What do the presentations of adultery and prostitution amongst the Greeks tell us? How was the role of the hetaerae special?
TERMS: agora – korē – lyric poetry – Sappho – Athenian seclusion – hetaera – Winged Nike of Samothrake

Roman Society

What do Roman names tell us about the expectations placed on both men and women in Roman public and private life?
What role does the guardian play in the life of a Roman woman?
What kinds of marriage were there in Roman society? What were the benefits and consequences of non-manus marriage?
Why did the vestal priestesses occupy such a special place in Roman culture? What did they represent?
What other ways were Roman women involved in the relations between Rome and her gods?
What can we say about the lives of Roman slave women and freedwomen? Why might a slave woman be said to be better off than a woman who was free but impoverished?
What’s the significance of the legend of the capture of the Sabine women? How does it reflect the role of the Roman matron?
Why does Roman legend use a rape (the rape of Lucretia) as the catalyst for the rejection of monarchy?
What’s the significance of Dido’s story in the Aeneid?
What attributes made Cornelia so admired? Why was she the ideal matron? What other Roman women were admired, and why?
What does graffiti in Pompeii tell us about the participation of women in Roman politics?
How does the debate over repeal of the Oppian Law relate to changing gender roles and the role of tradition in Republican Rome?
TERMS: maiden and matron – guardianship – marriage with manus – freedwoman – manumission – Vestal virgin – Oppian Law – Lucretia – Cornelia the mother of the Gracchi – Octavia – Livia

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