Akkadians People Mesopotamia The Akkadian Empire was the world's first empire. It formed when Sargon the Great conquered many of the Sumerian city-states and united them under one leader.

Alcibiades Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

Alexander Person Macedon Greek - Classical Period

Amazons People

Anatolia Place Anatolia

Antigone Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Apennine Mountains Place Rome

Aramaeans People Mesopotamia

Arianism Term A form of Christianity that declared that Christ is not truly divine but a created being. Arianism was declared a heresy by the Catholic Church, which holds that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit were equally divine.

Aristophanes Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

Aristotle Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Hellenistic Period

Ashurbanipal Person Mesopotamia Iron Age

Asoka Person India Iron Age

Assyrians (Bronze Age) People Mesopotamia

Athenian seclusion Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period The tendency in classical Athens to prevent women of the household from encountering men from other families. If the house was large enough, this might involve a part of the household reservbed for women.

Athens Place Greece/Aegean

auctoritas Term Rome The esteem Romans gain from acts on behalf of Rome and family.

Augustus Person Rome Roman - Principate Period

auspices Term Rome Guidances from the Roman gods derived from augury (watching the skies for omens) or another form of divination.

Babylon Place Mesopotamia

Babylonian captivity Event Mesopotamia Iron Age

Bactria Place Persia

barbarian Term Anyone less civilized than oneself. Originally a Greek term for any people that had not attained freedom from kings, which generally overlapped with any people that did not speak Greek.

battle of Cannae Event Rome Roman - Republic Period

birth of Athena Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical Athena was born fully grown from the head of Zeus, in full armor. This means Athena was born from her father, not her mother, symbolic of her possession of both masculine and feminine traits.

Black Sea Place

Bona Dea God/goddess Rome Roman - Legendary/mythical

Bronze Age Term Bronze Age The period of Mediterranean civilization in which bronze was the chief metalworking technology. The Bronze Age collapsed around 1100 BCE, giving way to rebuilt cultures relying on iron.

Buddha God/goddess India

Buddhism Term India A system of beliefs based around the teachings of Buddha.

bull of heaven Term Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical In ancient Mesopotamian mythology, the Bull of Heaven is a mythical beast fought by the King of Uruk Gilgamesh.

Caesar Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Canaan Place Canaan

Carthage Place Carthage

Carthago delenda est Term Rome Roman - Republic Period A sentiment that the defeated city of Carthage must be destroyed, uttered by Cato the Elder and others in the decades after the Second Punic War.

centralized trade Term An economic system in which all manufacturing, tradfe, and markets are controlled by a ruler or small group of elite, tending toward the minimization of risk. An example would be the palace cities of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans Greeks in the Bronze Age.

centuriate assembly Term Rome

Chaldeans/Babylonians People Mesopotamia

chariot Term

Cicero Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Cincinnatus Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

citizen Term

city-state Term A city-state is an politically and economically independent region that is centered around a single powerful city. Each city has a patron deity chosen from among the shared gods of the city-state culture. The civilization of the Sumer, for example, was governed by many independent city-states.

civilization Term A civilization is an advanced state of human society. Typically a civilization is marked by advanced government, agriculture, science, and culture.

client kingdom Term Rome

Clodius Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Code of Hammurabi Term Mesopotamia Bronze Age A written code of law from 1772 BC. It was put in place by Babylonian King Hammurabi. It is one of the oldest detailed recordings of a code of law in world history.

cognomen Term Rome

collegiality Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

colonia Term Rome

colony Term Greece/Aegean

Confucius Person China Iron Age

consul Term Rome

Cornelia the mother of the Gracchi Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Council of Nicaea Event Rome Roman - Dominate Period

Crete Place Greece/Aegean

cuneiform Term Sumer One of the earliest forms of writing, invented in Sumer. It uses wedge shaped marks to make picture symbols on clay tablets.

currency debasement Term

cursus honorum Term Rome

cylinder seal Term Sumer Bronze Age An engraved stone cylinder used to create a seal or signature on clay tablets.

Cyrus Person Persia Iron Age

damnatio memoriae Term

Darius Person Persia Iron Age

David Person Canaan Iron Age

Delian League Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

Delilah Person Canaan Iron Age

dictator Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

Diocletian Person Rome Roman - Dominate Period

dominate Term Rome Roman - Dominate Period

door of cedar Term Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

Dorian Greeks People Greece/Aegean Greek - Mycenaean Period (Bronze Age)

dualism Term

dynasty Term When one family rules a kingdom or empire for a period of time, passing down the reign to the next generation.

Egyptians (New Kingdom) People Egypt

Egyptians (Old Kingdom) People Egypt

empire Term

Enkidu Person Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

Enlil God/goddess Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

entrepreneurial trade Term

equestrian order Term Rome

Esther Person Persia Iron Age

Fabius Maximus Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Fertile Crescent Place Mesopotamia A large area of land in southwest Asia that is shaped like a crescent on a map. It runs from the Persian Gulf, along the Tigres and Euphrates rivers, over to the Mediterranean Sea, and down the Nile River Valley of Egypt.

Five Good Emperors Term Rome Roman - Principate Period

five patriarchs Term Rome Roman - Dominate Period

freedman Term Rome

freedwoman Term Rome

Gilgamesh Person Sumer Bronze Age A Sumerian King of the city-state of Uruk. He later became known in mythology as a demigod with superhuman strength.

god-king Term

God’s Wife of Amun Term Egypt Egyptian - New Kingdom

Gracchus brothers Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Greek dark age Period Greece/Aegean Greek - Dark Age

Greek mainland Place Greece/Aegean

guardianship Term

Hammurabi Person Mesopotamia Bronze Age

Hannibal Person Carthage Roman - Republic Period

Harappans People India

haruspicia Term Etruria Roman - Regal Period

Hatshepsut Person Egypt Egyptian - New Kingdom

Hebrews People Canaan

hegemony Term

Hellas Place Greece/Aegean

Hellenistic era Period Greek - Hellenistic Period

helot Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Archaic Period

Herodotus Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

Hesiod Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Archaic Period

hetaera Term Greece/Aegean

hieroglyphics Term Egypt

Hinduism Term India

Hindus People India

Hittites People Anatolia

Homer Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Archaic Period

hoplite Term Greece/Aegean

Horus God/goddess Egypt Egyptian - Legendary/mythical

House of Dust Term Sumer

Humbaba God/goddess Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

imperium Term Rome

Indo-Europeans People

Innana/Ishtar God/goddess Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

intentional bias Term

Ionian Greeks People Greece/Aegean Greek - Mycenaean Period (Bronze Age)

Iphigeneia Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Ishtar God/goddess Mesopotamia Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

Isis God/goddess Egypt Egyptian - Legendary/mythical

Jerusalem Place Canaan

Julian the apostate Person Rome Roman - Dominate Period

karma Term India

Klytaemnestra Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Knossos Place Greece/Aegean

kore Term Greece/Aegean

Linear A Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Mycenaean Period (Bronze Age)

Linear B Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Mycenaean Period (Bronze Age)

Livia Person Rome Roman - Principate Period

Lower Egypt Place Egypt

Lucretia Person Rome Roman - Regal Period

lyre Term A stringed instrument shaped like a small harp.

lyric poetry Term Greece/Aegean

Macedon Place Macedon

Magna Graecia Place Greece/Aegean

maiden and matron Term

maius imperium Term Rome

manumission Term

Marduk God/goddess Mesopotamia The primary god of the Babylonians.

Marius Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

marriage with manus Term Rome

matrilocal marriage Term

ma’at Term Egypt

Medea Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Medes People Persia

Medusa Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Memphis Place Egypt

Mesopotamia Place Mesopotamia A term used to describe the lands between and near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is mostly located in present day Iraq and Syria.

metic Term Greece/Aegean

Minoans People Greece/Aegean

Mithridates Person Anatolia Roman - Republic Period

monotheism Term

mos maiorum Term

Moses Person Canaan Iron Age

mother goddess God/goddess

municipia Term Rome

Mycenaean Greeks People Greece/Aegean

Nausicaa Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Nefertiti Person Egypt Egyptian - New Kingdom

Neo-Assyrians People Mesopotamia

Neolithic age Period Neolithic

Nile River Place Egypt

nirvana Term India

numen Term Rome Roman - Legendary/mythical

Octavia Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Oppian Law Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

optimates Term Rome

Osiris God/goddess Egypt Egyptian - Legendary/mythical

ostracism Term Greece/Aegean

paganism Term

palace-city Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Mycenaean Period (Bronze Age)

Paleolithic age Period Paleolithic

Pandora Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

paterfamilias Term Rome

patrician Term Rome

patron/client Term Rome

peak sanctuary Term Greece/Aegean

Peloponnese Place Greece/Aegean

Penelope Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Pericles Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

period of calamities Term Egypt

Persians People Persia

phalanx Term Greece/Aegean

pharaoh Term Egypt

Philip II Person Macedon Greek - Classical Period

Phoenician alphabet Term

Phoenicians People Canaan

physis/nomos Term Greece/Aegean

plebeian Term Rome

polis Term Greece/Aegean

polytheism Term

Pompey Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

populares Term Rome

praetorian guard Term Rome

priest-king Term

primary source Term

princeps Term Rome Roman - Principate Period

proconsul Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

proletariat Term Rome

proscription Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

province Term Rome

Ptolemaic Empire Term Egypt Egyptian - Ptolemaic Period

publicani Term Rome

Pyrrhic victory Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

Rhea God/goddess Greece/Aegean Greek - Legendary/mythical

Romanization Term Rome

Ruth Person Canaan Iron Age

Sack of Syracuse Event Rome Roman - Republic Period

samsara Term India

Sappho Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Archaic Period

Sargon Person Mesopotamia Bronze Age

sarissa Term Macedon

satrap Term Persia Iron Age

Saul Person Canaan Roman - Regal Period

Scipio Africanus Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Sea Peoples/Philistines People Canaan

second settlement Term Rome Roman - Principate Period

Seleucid Empire Term Persia Greek - Hellenistic Period

senatorial order Term Rome

Shamhat Person Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

Sicilian Expedition Event Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

Sol Invictus God/goddess Rome Roman - Legendary/mythical

Solomon Person Canaan Iron Age

sophists Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

SPQR Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

stoicism Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Hellenistic Period

Strepsiades Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

Sulla Person Rome Roman - Republic Period

Sumer Place Sumer The first human civilization in world history, Sumer began to form towns in 5000 BC at the southern end of Mesopotamia.

Sumerians People Sumer

the Thinkery Term Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

the work of a woman Term Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

Thebes Place Egypt

Thesmophoria festival Event Greece/Aegean

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Place Mesopotamia

tribal assembly Term Rome

tribune of the plebs Term Rome Roman - Republic Period

trireme Term Iron Age

triumph Term Rome

Troy Place Anatolia

Tyre Place Canaan

unintentional bias Term

Unjust Argument Person Greece/Aegean Greek - Classical Period

Upper Egypt Place Egypt

Uruk Place Sumer

Uta-napishti Person Sumer Mesopotamian - Legendary/mythical

Vespasian Person Rome Roman - Principate Period

Vesta God/goddess Rome Roman - Legendary/mythical

Vestal Virgin Person Rome Iron Age

veto Term

Xerxes Person Persia Iron Age

year of four emperors Term Rome Roman - Principate Period

ziggurat Term Mesopotamia Large temples usually located at the center of a Mesopotamian city. Ziggurats looked like pyramids with a flat top.

Zoroaster Person Persia Iron Age

Zoroastrianism Term Persia