Announcements

News and updates about the course are posted here.

Bookmark this page as your main entry point to the course website. That way, you’ll be sure to see any changes and other information I’ve posted here.

These announcements are also sent out by email to all actively enrolled students on my roster. If you are actively enrolled and are not receiving these emails, it may be that your email system is filtering emails from me (in which case, please whitelist me so you do receive them). Or, I may have the wrong email address for you. If you do not find the emails from me in your filtered emails folder, please send me an email and confirm your address so I am able to reach you with information and updates about the course.

Exam Review Sheet posted

29 April 2025

I’ve updated the final exam page. On this page you’ll find information about the final and some review materials. The exam will take place Tuesday, May 20 from 2:30 to 4:30 p.m. Read more…

Important notes on the Images Essay (due May 12)

27 April 2025

Here are a few brief reminders about the Images essay, which is due very soon on Monday, May 12.Read more…

Current Announcements (3)RSS feed

Clouds Essay grades and markups posted

12 May 2025

The grades and markups for the Clouds Essay are posted on the My Grades page on the course website. My apologies for the delay in getting these back to you.

If you have any questions about the grades, comments, or deductions, please don’t hesitate to seek me out by email or in office hours.

Reversible deductions. Some of you may find that you received “reversible deductions” for issues relating to formatting and citations. The good news is, those are points that you can get back. Check the cover page of your markup to see if there are any check marks and points taken off next to the reversible deductions. If there are, I made notes on the cover sheet or in the essay about the issue, and included a handout with the requirements.

Please resubmit your essay to BlackBoard with those problems fixed, and I’ll be in a position to reverse those deductions. Only reversible deductions can be reversed, so don’t resubmit for anything other than reversible deductions.

Missing essays. If you have not gotten your paper in, please do so as soon as you can. In terms of your course grade you’re better off with any grade, even with a lateness penalty, than a zero for the assignment. Remember also that the lateness penalty is capped at a maximum of 30 points, so turning your paper in, even very late, is better than not doing so.

Link to My Grades page

Welcome to Week 15!

10 May 2025

Statue of emperor Augustus.

This week we’re discussing the principate.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. What exactly is the principate? How is it that Rome, which was so intolerant of the idea of a king that the mere rumor he was angling to become king factored into Caesar’s assassination, accepted the one-man rule of Octavian, who came to be called Augustus? What made Augustus different from a king?

What do you think makes the principate continue to work even after rulers like Caligula and Nero? What do you think is good and bad for Rome and the empire about the principate? What does it mean to be Roman in the days of the emperors? Has that changed since the beginning of the Roman story?

Looking forward to an interesting discussion. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Reminder: Review the Essay Musts before posting your papers

10 May 2025

I’ve had a few early submissions ahead of Monday’s deadline, and unfortunately some of these have ignored the basic requirements for papers listed on the Essay Musts page (the fuller title of which is “Requirements for All Papers”).

I am therefore offering a gentle and friendly reminder to everyone that there are indeed such requirements, and that they involve the necessary handling of formatting, structure, and evidence for papers submitted in my courses.

Each of these sections has videos that offer helpful guidance on how to fulfill these requirements.

Link to Essay Musts page

Archive

Welcome to Week 14!

3 May 2025

A bust of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

This week we’re talking about a series of massive turning points for the Roman Republic: the rise of Marius, very different dictatorships of Sulla and Caesar, and the final collapse of the Republic, to be replaced by the one-man rule of Augustus.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. What does Marius stand for? What do you think Sulla was most interested in accomplishing? What is his legacy? What do we think of Pompey?

What was Caesar’s goal, for himself and for Rome, and why was he killed? All things considered, does he deserve praise as a great leader or censure as an ambitious seeker of power? What about Antony—he was the experienced lieutenant of Caesar, so why did he lose out to a kid who started with nothing but Caesar’s name?

Looking forward to hearing your thoughts and reactions. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Welcome to Week 13!

27 April 2025

Roman cuirass and equipment.

This week we’re talking about how and why the Romans shift toward military expansionism, and some of the repercussions that follow. Why do the Romans become militaristic and expansionist?

How do you think they see their rivalry with Carthage? Why do you think Hannibal is able to almost win—and why does he ultimately lose? Why does Rome seem to have such an off-hand approach to governing the territories it consumes or conquers?

After we discuss Roman contest with Carthage, we see the culmination of the Roman empire as it gains control over the west and east—only to fall apart at home in a series of assassinations, scandals, and civil wars.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. Two factions emerge in the Roman aristocracy as we head into the Late Republic: the optimates—those who believe in tradition and the systems of the Republic; and the populares—those who insist Rome must take a new direction to survive. Why does this break occur? What do the two sides really stand for? Are populist firebrands like Tiberius Gracchus heroes of the people, or self-serving demagogues?

Looking forward to hearing your thoughts and reactions. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Welcome to Week 12!

19 April 2025

Detail of Aeneas or Numa from the Ara Pacis in Rome.

This week, we’re looking at ancient North Africa and Italy, and then we’re starting our exploration of the Romans and their story. This is the beginning of the rise of the people that within a few centuries would dominate the entire Mediterranean, including most of the peoples we’ve studied.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. At first Rome starts out as a city-state within the city-state culture of Latium with its own priest-king, just like the city-states in Sumer. But the Romans get fed up with the kings after a while and eject them from Rome. What do you think makes them turn against the kings? Is it just the actions of the kings, or does it go deeper? Why do you think the legends about the fall of the kings focus so much on the Rape of Lucretia as the thing that turns the Romans against the kings? What does the story of that rape signify to them?

The Romans replaced the kings with a Republic. What stands out to you as the defining characteristics of the Republic? What does this idea mean to the Romans? The early history of the Republic involves an ongoing conflict between the patricians (families that control the priesthoods) and the plebeians (all other families of any class). Where does this conflict come from? Why are the priest-families so important to the Roman political system?

Remember, also, to come to class on Tuesday with questions about Clouds. Why does this story end the way that it does? What is this play fundamentally about?

Looking forward to your discussions and reactions. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Quizzes #6 and #7 grades and markups posted

15 April 2025

The grades and markups for Quizzes #6 and #7 are posted on the My Grades page on the course website.

I recommend spending a moment to take a look at the Quiz Notes for these quizzes, which are live on the Quiz Notes page and on the Print/PDF page, and are also included in the quiz markups.

Link to My Grades page

No meeting this week

12 April 2025

A Roman fresco depicting youths playing a ball game.

Enjoy your break. Email me with any questions about upcoming assignments.

Our next class meeting is the following week. See you then!

Link to Schedule page

Welcome to Week 11!

6 April 2025

Bust of Alexander the Great

This week we’re talking about the Peloponnesian War and its aftermath.

More wars between the Greeks opened them up to invasion by Macedon, and the famous conquests of Alexander the Great. Why do you think the Greeks couldn’t maintain any real peace during this era, even when danger loomed from the north? What were they really fighting about?

A big part of this story is the two Macedonian kings, Philip and Alexander. What do you think was most instrumental in Philip being able to take over Greece? Was his son, Alexander, really that “great”? Was his conquest a failure because it didn’t remain unified? What are Alexander’s legacies for the world?

The other thing I really wanted to do with you folks this week is hash out what you guys think of Clouds now that we’re finishing it. There are some very striking scenes toward the end. What was most shocking or impactful for you—the debate where Unjust Argument wins (and: why does he win?); Pheidippides attacking his father; or Strepsiades abandoning rational discourse and taking up a torch?

Looking forward to discussing all of this with you. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Quiz #5 grades and markups posted

31 March 2025

The grades and markups for Quiz #5 are posted on the My Grades page on the course website.

I recommend spending a moment to take a look at the Quiz Notes for this quiz, which are live on the Quiz Notes page and on the Print/PDF page, and are also included in the quiz markups.

Link to My Grades page

Welcome to Week 10!

29 March 2025

Black figure depiction of hoplite soldiers.

This week we’re talking about two enormously important wars that changed Greek history: the first an external invasion, the second a war among the Greeks themselves.

The Persian Wars are a huge watershed for the Greeks. Even the battles of this war are remembered forever—Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis. Why do you think the Greeks were really able to defeat the vastly more powerful Persians? How do you think the war changed them? What was most remarkable to you about the Persian Wars?

With the Peloponnesian Wars, the Greeks are fighting each other in a massive, generation-long slog unlike anything the ancient war has seen. Why? Why are they fighting, and why does it last for decade after decade? What is this war really about? Can we blame a particular city for this? Why do you think it turns out the way it does?

Also, we see the middle section of Clouds, where the “Socrates” character gets weirder and weirder, and Strepsiades gets more and more confused. What do you think Aristophanes is getting at here? What was he trying to show by having “Socrates” talk about the gods and he-chickens and she-chickens and things like that?

Looking forward to discussing all of this with you. See you on Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

More track work and skipped stops on the 4 today (March 25)

25 March 2025

Heads up that the 4 train work continues today, with skipped stops around Lehman College. Allow extra time to get to class on time and prepared.

Here's the notice from mta.info:

In the Bronx, Woodlawn-bound 4 runs express from 167 St to Mosholu Pkwy, Mar 25 and 28, Tue and Fri, 9:45 AM to 3:00 PM.

All trains at Burnside Av board from the Manhattan-bound platform.

For service to 170 St, Mt Eden Av, 176 St, 183 St, Fordham Rd, Kingsbridge Rd and Bedford Park Blvd, take the 4 to Burnside Av or Mosholu Pkwy and transfer to a Manhattan-bound train.

For service from these stations, take the 4 to Burnside Av or 167 St and transfer to a Woodlawn-bound train.

Gilgamesh Essay and Midterm exam grades and markups posted

25 March 2025

The grades and markups for the Gilgamesh Essay and the Midterm Exam are posted on the My Grades page on the course website. If you have any questions about the grades, comments, or deductions, please don’t hesitate to seek me out by email or in office hours.

Estimated Course Grade. At the bottom of the My Grades page, you will now see an estimated course grade so far, based on the assignments to date. This obviously only reflects what’s been done so far.

Even if your estimated course grade is lower than you would like now, that does not mean you will not pass the course. The final and two essays are still ahead, which altogether are more than half your course grade. The final exam also counts more than the midterm, and you will have a full two hours to take it. Most people do better on the final than they do on the midterm.

Exam Notes. For the midterm, note that included in the PDF, behind the grading cover sheet, is a handout with notes on the responses for the exam. It’s also posted separately on the Exams page. I did not mark up or scan the blue books.

Reversible deductions. For the essay, some of you may find that you received “reversible deductions” for issues relating to formatting and citations. The good news is, those are points that you can get back. Check the cover page of your markup to see if there are any check marks and points taken off next to the reversible deductions. If there are, I made notes on the cover sheet or in the essay about the issue, and included a handout with the requirements.

Please resubmit your essay to BlackBoard with those problems fixed, and I’ll be in a position to reverse those deductions. Only reversible deductions can be reversed, so don’t resubmit for anything other than reversible deductions.

Missing essays. If you have not gotten your paper in, please do so as soon as you can. In terms of your course grade you’re better off with any grade, even with a lateness penalty, than a zero for the assignment. Remember also that the lateness penalty is capped at a maximum of 30 points, so turning your paper in, even very late, is better than not doing so.

Link to My Grades page

Welcome to Week 9!

23 March 2025

Modern statue of King Leonidas at Sparta.

This week we’re talking about the period after the so-called Greek Dark Age, when from our perspective Hellas can be heard and seen again, with the foundations of Greek culture already laid down in the previous, unseen centuries. Two influential cities emerge in this period, both with opposing and increasingly extreme ideas of what it means to be Greek. One is Sparta, a society dedicated to the art of war.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. What do you think goes into making the Spartans like this—so different, so focused on being warriors? What does being a warrior society mean to them? Why aren’t more poleis like this, especially given the other cities are so impressed by the Spartans’ dedication? Is the Spartan experiment a success, in Greek terms? What are the most positive aspects of the Spartan society in terms of the well-being of its citizens? What are the biggest drawbacks of the Spartan system?

We’re also reading the first sections of Clouds. What is Strepsiades worried about at the start of the play? What impressions do you get of “Socrates” and the Thinkery? Do you get a sense of what the playwright, Aristophanes, is trying to say here?

Looking forward to discussing all of this with you. See you on Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

WARNING! Track work and skipped stops on the 4 TODAY - Allow extra time!

18 March 2025

This is a warning that work on the 4 train is happening again today, March 18, with stops skipped in the area around Lehman College today through Friday. Please allow plenty of extra time if this affects you so that you can arrive for the exam on time and prepared.

Here are the details from mta.info:

Active Alerts for 4: Planned - Stops Skipped
Mar 18 - 21, Tue to Fri, 9:45 AM to 3:00 PM

In the Bronx, Woodlawn-bound 4 runs express from 167 St to Mosholu Pkwy.

All trains at Burnside Av board from the Manhattan-bound platform.

For service to 170 St, Mt Eden Av, 176 St, 183 St, Fordham Rd, Kingsbridge Rd and Bedford Park Blvd, take the 4 to Burnside Av or Mosholu Pkwy and transfer to a Manhattan-bound train.

For service from these stations, take the 4 to Burnside Av or 167 St and transfer to a Woodlawn-bound train.

Quiz #4 grades and markups posted

17 March 2025

The grades and markups for Quiz #4 are posted on the My Grades page on the course website.

I recommend spending a moment to take a look at the Quiz Notes for this quiz, which are live on the Quiz Notes page and on the Print/PDF page, and are also included in the quiz markups.

Link to My Grades page

Welcome to Week 8!

15 March 2025

Singer with lyre, representing a rhapsode or master storyteller from early Iron Age Greece.

The midterm exam will be held in-person on Tuesday, March 18 in our normal meeting room and class period. Please arrive on time. You will only have the normal class period (from 3:00 to 4:15 p.m.) to take the exam. Make-up exams will be arranged only in cases of documented medical/family emergency.

The review sheet (detailing content and structure) is posted on the Exams page on the course website, along with links to other resources. Make use of your notes, fellow students, quiz notes, and so on. Remember the Videos page has videos on every subject covered in class. The midterm will cover everything in the course so far up through the meeting on Ancient Asia.

See the sticky at the top of the Announcements page for more guidance. Email me with any questions, and good luck!

After the exam on Thursday, we’ll be starting our exploration of the Greek idea, beginning with the Greek Dark Age—the period during which the Greeks recovered from the collapse of the Bronze Age and built a new civilization.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. The Greek Dark Age is frustrating and fascinating to historians of ancient Greece, because this period of rebirth, during which the foundations and chief elements of Hellas as we know it come into being, happens while the Greeks have no writing system and so there are no literature or records until the very end—we can’t hear them creating a new Greek society.

What do you think most drove the Greeks during the Dark Age? If the communities of the Aegean were so isolated and so fiercely independent, how did they end up having so much in common? How did they end up with such a clear idea of what it meant to be Greek?

Looking forward to discussing all of this with you. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Welcome to Week 7!

9 March 2025

An image of Gautama Buddha.

This week we’re talking about two very different empires in the same part of the world: the Iron Age Assyrians, also known as the Neo-Assyrians, and the Persians.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. Did the Neo-Assyrians and the Persians have anything in common apart from being empires? What do you think were the most important keys to the success of the Persian empire a century or so later?

This course focuses on the Mediterranean, but we’re taking a side trip to ancient Asia this week as well. Why did the Greeks romanticize the Scythian barbarians? Is it a coincidence that the same kinds of things are happening in the Indus valley as are happening in Mesopotamia and along the Nile? What jumps out at you about the culture and religion of ancient South and East Asia?

The midterm exam will be held in-person on Tuesday, March 18 in our normal meeting room and class period. Please arrive on time. You will only have the normal class period (from 3:00 to 4:15 p.m.) to take the exam. Make-up exams will be arranged only in cases of documented medical/family emergency.

The review sheet (detailing content and structure of the exam) is posted on the Exams page on the course website, along with links to other resources. Make use of your notes, fellow students, quiz notes, and so on. Remember the Videos page has videos on every subject covered in class. The midterm will cover everything in the course so far up through the meeting on Ancient Asia.

See the sticky at the top of the Announcements page for more guidance. Email me with any questions, and good luck!

Link to Schedule page

Midterm Exam review sheet posted

4 March 2025

The midterm review sheet is now available on the Exams page, either as a web page or as a PDF. The first page details the content and structure of the midterm, which will cover everything up through the March 13 class meeting.

The midterm exam will be held in person on Tuesday, March 18 in our normal meeting room and class period. Please arrive on time. You will only have the normal class period (from 3:00 to 4:15 p.m.) to take the exam. Please note: You must attend and take the exam in person on March 18. I do not give make-up exams except in the case of a documented medical/family emergency.

The review sheet is not designed to be a list of answers so much as questions you can use to guide you toward the areas you want to focus on in your review. As you read through the questions on the review sheet, group those you have a sense of how you might answer as having a lower priority for review than those questions you’re not sure how you would answer. The ones you’re less sure of, you’d then want to go back and spend some time reviewing, using your notes, the readings, the videos, quiz notes, and class discussions.

Also note that the terms are a useful way of finding concepts you need to go back and review, so I’d advise stepping through the terms at the end of each topic and making sure you have a sense of what they mean and why we’re studying them.

To prepare for the essay, I suggest that you focus on the four themes of the course as discussed in the first meeting and the welcome video—individual/community, mortal/divine, male/female, city/empire—and think about possible questions that relate to those topics across the cultures and peoples we’ve explored. For the essay you’ll be asked to give three examples, so as you prepare you can sketch out a question about (for example) ancient peoples and their gods and three similar or contrasting examples of societies that show what the gods meant to the ancients.

We will discuss further in class—please come to class with questions about anything you’re not sure of or want to hear more about.

Link to Exams page

Quiz #3 grades and markups posted

4 March 2025

The grades and markups for Quiz #3 are posted on the My Grades page on the course website.

I recommend spending a moment to take a look at the Quiz Notes for this quiz, which are live on the Quiz Notes page and on the Print/PDF page, and are also included in the quiz markups.

Link to My Grades page

Welcome to Week 6!

1 March 2025

Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria (669–631 BCE).

This week we’re talking about the Iron Age, and we’ll be exploring both the peoples of Canaan and the Iron Age empire that eventually conquered them, the Neo-Assyrians.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. Was the Neo-Assyrian empire really a failure? What went wrong, and why did it come apart so catastrophically? What lessons about empire can be drawn from this tale?

Also, this is our last chance to talk about Gilgamesh before the essay is due. What questions do you have about the text or the assignment? Bring them up in class! You can also send me an email or drop by my office hours on Tuesday.

Remember, there’s no class meeting on Thursday. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

PDF page updated

26 February 2025

The PDF/Print page has been updated to include all quiz notes PDFs to date and all class meeting slide PDFs to date.

I also fixed a problem on some devices that was causing the submenu font (the buttons under the page picture on the Essays and Citations pages) to display incorrectly.

If you experience any issues with the course website or have suggestions for its improvement, please email me and let me know—I definitely want to hear them!

Link to PDF/Print page

Welcome to Week 5!

23 February 2025

Gold funeral mask, said to be the death mask of Agamemnon.

This week we’re talking about the Bronze Age Aegean: the indigenous inhabitants, especially the mysterious Minoans, and the invading Greeks, who swarm in from the north and take over the Aegean world before bringing about their own spectacular collapse, bringing down the whole Bronze Age with them.

There are a lot of things to talk about here. What strikes you as most intriguing about the Minoans—given what little we know of them? Why do you think the Mycenaean Greeks were so successful in surpassing them? If you were to talk about what was important to the Minoans and to the Mycenaean Greeks, what would be similar, and what would be distinctive? Were the Mycenaean Greeks their own worst enemy in too-greedily building a trade empire, or should we emphasize other factors in the great cataclysmic collapse of the Bronze Age and its civilizations?

We’re also talking about the dawn of the Iron Age, which we see first in Canaan—now that it’s not being warred over by the surrounding Bronze Age empires, the lands along the eastern shores of the Mediterranean are free to develop their own strength and economic reach. And they’re very characteristic of how the Iron Age differs from the Bronze Age. We’re focusing on three very distinct peoples who are rivals for land and independence in early Iron Age Canaan: the Phoenicians, the Philistines, and the Hebrews.

Why is the Iron Age so different, do you think? Why does a shift to iron matter so much? What do you think most sets apart a trade empire like that of the Phoenicians from the empires of the Bronze Age we discussed? What do you think are the biggest factors in the Hebrews being able to create their own state in Canaan despite huge disadvantages? How does religion factor into the story?

Looking forward to hearing your thoughts and reactions. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Important notes on Essay #1 (due March 10)

23 February 2025

Cylinder seal showing Gilgamesh and Enkidu killing the forest guardian Humbaba (right three figures).

Here are a few brief reminders about the Gilgamesh essay, which is due very soon on Monday, March 10.

  • Watch the video. Make sure to watch the overview video, since that tells you exactly what I am looking for. It’s on the Essay #1 page.
  • Thesis statement. Make sure you have an introduction with a thesis statement (your argument asserting your position on the question/problem being addressed) and a body that describes and discusses three examples from the Epic supporting your thesis statement. For models and explanations on how to do this, I urge you to watch the “Structure Musts” video on the Essay Musts page. See also “Writing a Position Paper” (a.k.a. “The Elephant Pamphlet”), which is on the Resources page on the website.
  • Sources. For your examples you may use all of Gilgamesh, including the tablets that were not assigned if they contain helpful support for your thesis. You do not need to use other sources for this assignment; this essay is about your interpretation of Sumerian culture as represented in the beliefs, actions, and relations of the characters in the Epic.
  • Requirements for all papers. You must adhere to the requirements for all papers (listed on the Essay Musts page). Not meeting the formatting, structure, and evidence requirements for all papers will mean a lower grade. There are new videos posted there for formatting musts, evidence musts, and structure musts guiding you toward what is required and how to do it.
  • Template. An MS Word and a Google Docs template already set up with some of the formatting I require can be found on the Resources page. If you use Word or Google Docs I strongly recommend making use of these templates.
  • Late papers. As per the syllabus, late papers are marked down by ten points per week, up to a cap of thirty points. Avoid this penalty and block out the time you need to prepare, write, and review your essay so that it can be submitted on time.
  • BlackBoard. All essays are uploaded to BlackBoard. Look for “Upload Assignments Here” in the left-hand menu. Your essay needs to be uploaded as a Word (preferred) or PDF file attachment, not pasted in as text submission. If you use a browser-based word processor, you’ll need to export your paper as a Word document and upload that.

I’m happy to discuss any aspects of the Epic or the essay, so please come to me if there’s anything you’re not sure about. I’m looking forward to hearing your interactions with the folks of Uruk!

Link to Essay page

Quiz #2 grades and markups posted

22 February 2025

The grades and markups for Quiz #2 are posted on the My Grades page on the course website.

I recommend spending a moment to take a look at the Quiz Notes for this quiz, which are live on the Quiz Notes page and on the Print/PDF page, and are also included in the quiz markups.

Link to My Grades page

Quiz #1 grades and markups posted

18 February 2025

The grades and markups for Quiz #1 are posted on the My Grades page on the course website.

To access your grades, go to the course website and navigate to the My Grades page. Choose your name from the dropdown and enter your password for the My Grades page. (This is a special password for the My Grades page—it's not the last 4 of your emplid as on the Responses page.) If you have had me before, it's the same password. If you haven't or don't remember, click on "Email me my password" and you'll receive an automated email sent to the address I have for you in the roster. If you do not receive the email, contact me and I'll send the password to you manually.

Scoring: Each quiz is scored out of 5. Normally on the My Grades page you’ll see the current quiz average, including the lowest quiz being dropped, but I won’t start showing that until we’ve had a couple more quizzes. That’s why right now it says there are too few grades to show an average in the Quizzes line on the My Grades pages. Later, you’ll see the average quiz grade there.

If your quiz grade isn’t what you’d like it to be, don’t panic! It’s still very early and there are lots of opportunities to improve the quiz grade, as well as getting other kinds of grades to balance things out. Quiz averages tend to improve over the semester as the quiz process and the material become more familiar. The key step is to come into class on time and prepared, and ask questions—by email, in office hours, and in class.

Quiz notes: I recommend spending a moment to take a look at the Quiz Notes for this quiz, which are are live on the Quiz Notes page and on the Print/PDF page, and are also included in the quiz markups.

Link to My Grades page

Welcome to Week 4!

15 February 2025

A detail from the throne of Tutankhamun which shows the pharaoh with his wife Ankhsenamun.

This week we’re talking about the rise of Egypt as a power in the Mediterranean world, and how that affects the power dynamics of Egypt.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. Why is New Kingdom Egypt so different from Old Kingdom Egypt? What does the reign of Akhenaten tell us about the New Kingdom? After all that change, what's constant about what it means to be an Egyptian?

We'll also be looking at the death of Enkidu. How does that come about, and how do Enkidu and Gilgamesh react to it? What is the story telling us about the Sumerian attitude toward death?

Looking forward to discussing all of this with you. Remember, no meeting on Tuesday. See you Thursday!

Link to Schedule page

Welcome to Week 3!

8 February 2025

Bronze head of Sargon I, king of Akkad.

This week we’re progressing through the story of the civilizations of Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers: the original inhabitants in Sumer to the south, and the alien newcomers, the Semitic tribes that settle in Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. They’re the strangers with their own languages and cultures who start to emulate, and, later, absorb the great cities and culture of the Sumerians.

Then we’re moving on to the other earliest civilization—Egypt! This is a society that emerges around the same time as Sumer, and yet they could not be more different. Ancient Egypt has fascinated and perplexed students of history for thousands of years. What stands out the most to you about Egyptian society and culture?

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. How different the Sumerians and the Semitic peoples were—why did they build Sumer-style city-states, even down to the ziggurats for their own gods, and end up adopting Sumerian technology? Why do you think the Sumerians didn’t survive? When Sargon of Akkad built an empire, what was it based on, and why didn’t it last very long after he died? Why do you think so much significance is attached to the Code of Hammurabi?

Egypt is one of those rare cultures where absolute monarchy remains stable and effective for century on century. Why is that? What do you think makes the role of the pharaoh work without abuse of power? What do you think are the most important values and beliefs to an Egyptian? How does this affect the way they think about the gods? How does it affect how they think about death?

It’s striking how different Sumer is from Egypt. What do you think goes into making them so opposite to each other? Egypt unified early. Why was it possible there, and not in Sumer, where the city-states remained fiercely independent? What’s most different about their views of the gods, of kings, of death?

For Gilgamesh, we’re reading tablets 5 and 6 this week: the combat with Humbaba, and the fiery goddess Ishtar and her face-off with Gilgamesh. Why do Gilgamesh and Enkidu go on this quest? Is it just about glory, or is there more to it? What do you think is the symbolism in Gilgamesh and Enkidu attacking the guardian of the cedar forest? Note what happens to the cedar, too—what can we say about that? What motivates Ishtar to approach Gilgamesh, and why does Gilgamesh defy her?

Looking forward to discussing this with you. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Class today - allow for extra travel time

6 February 2025

It's raining and there was a bit of snow and ice overnight, so please be careful on the roads if you travel to campus by car, and allow extra time for safe travel and possible congestion.

There may also be slight delays on the subway, so I would allow extra time if you’re coming by the 4 or the B/D. (The MTA doesn’t have any active alerts at the moment.)

See you in class. Be safe!

Weekly responses start this week

3 February 2025

Each week, in addition to our in-class lecture and discussions, we’ll be having an online discussion in which everyone responds to a reading or some other prompt that relates to the week’s topics. The responses start this week with the Week 2 response.

The weekly responses are a part of your grade, so making a substantive post every week will be part of the routine for this course. (I used to ask these kinds of questions about the readings on the quizzes in class, but this year I opted for shorter quizzes and shifted this discussion to the online responses.)

Responses are due by the Sunday after the class meetings for that week. For example, this week’s responses are due Sunday, February 9. Of course you can make your responses anytime during the week, and I’ll always particularly appreciate responses posted before the class meeting in case there are ideas or questions I want to bring up in class.

To post your response, go to the course website (follow the links sent previously, or find markbwilson dot com and click on Courses), then click on Responses on the side menu or site map.

Once you are on the responses page, read through the prompt and description, then log in. On this page, you log in by choosing your name from the dropdown list of students and entering the last four digits of your emplid as a password. Once you’re logged in you can compose your response post.

Make sure your response is substantial—a paragraph or two of your personal thoughts, ideas, and reasoning. Please try to write in complete sentences so your thoughts are clearer to others. Remember, the environment here is academic, not social media; think of this page as being like a group discussion in class about a subject we’re all trying to explore and give our ideas and perspectives on. Try to add to the discussion with new ideas or a new take on what’s been brought up so far by other students.

I’ve done my best to test this system so that it will work on different browsers and platforms, but there’s always something that can go wrong. Before you submit your response, select the whole text and copy it to your clipboard as a backup. (Or, you can write up your post in a word processing app like Word, then paste your text into the response window.) That way, in the unlikely event that there’s a problem you can email me the post and I can sort out what happened.

Any questions or issues, email me and let me know!

Link to Responses page

Welcome to Week 2!

1 February 2025

Sumerian farmers and fisherfolk.

This week we’re talking about the story of the civilizations of Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers, starting with the earliest culture to arise there: the unique culture of Sumer and their city-state culture.

Things to ponder as you explore the materials. What do you think drives your identity—your sense of who you are—if you’re from one of these city-states? How do the Sumerians think about the gods? Why do you think they see the gods this way? Also, what kind of impact does that perspective have on how they look at life and the world around them?

We’re also reading Tablets 1 and 2 of The Epic of Gilgamesh, which introduce us to king Gilgamesh, the harlot Shamhat, and the wild man Enkidu. As you read the story, I want you to think about what is motivating these characters to do what they are doing, and what ideas you think the author might be trying to get across.

For example, pay special attention to why the citizens of Uruk are angry with Gilgamesh—what does that tell us about the role of the king in their community?

Enkidu undergoes a change in this part of the story. What is this change about, and what role does the harlot Shamhat play in it? Also, think about the way Enkidu and Gilgamesh interact in these tablets. Why Enkidu was the gods’ solution to Gilgamesh’s bad rule?

Looking forward to discussing all of this with you. See you Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

Welcome to Week 1!

25 January 2025

Nobleman and his wife, Egypt, Old Kingdom.

This is just a quick note to welcome you all to the first week of Civilizations of the Ancient World. I’m looking forward to exploring the ancient world with all of you, starting with our first meeting on Tuesday. The meeting is in-person, 3:00–4:15 p.m., in Carman 209.

At our first meeting we’ll be laying some important foundations we’ll be building on throughout the semester, including the themes of the course and some of the things we’ll be looking for as we explore the ancient world. One of the things I want to talk about on Thursday is the word “civilization” itself. What does it mean to have become “civilized”? What kinds of changes do you think it involved? What’s likely to be different from one early community to the next, and what might they maybe have had more in common?

Syllabus and video: As a reminder, the syllabus, assignments, and requirements are all on my website, markbwilson dot com. Make sure you’ve looked through the site and that you’ve watched the welcome video, which talks about how the course works and answers some common questions.

Books: Also make sure you have the books. We won’t need the Four Texts about Socrates until March, but you’ll need both the textbook and Gilgamesh right away, as there are assignments this week. The reading assignments on the Schedule page of the website are what you need to have read (and thought about) before coming to class.

Email me: Many of you replied back to the welcome-to-the-course email I sent you after you enrolled, confirming that I have a good email address for you. If you didn’t, could you do me a favor and email me and let me know that I can use this address, or that a different email is better for you? Thanks.

That’s it for now. Let me know if you have any questions. I’ll see you all on Tuesday!

Link to Schedule page

See you soon + email confirmation reminder

21 January 2025

Limestone figure of a man bearing a ram in preparation for a sacrifice, from ancient Cyprus.

Looking forward to a great semester exploring the ancient world with you! Two quick reminders today:

If you haven’t already, please reply back or email me at mark.wilson@lehman.cuny.edu and let me know if this is a good email address for you, or if a different one would be better. I update everyone throughout the semester by email with topics, changes, and assignment info, so making sure I can reach you by email is a priority.

If you haven’t looked over the course website/syllabus, please take a moment and familiarize yourself with the course and the requirements. You can find the course website by going to markbwilson dot com and clicking on Courses. You’ll also need to get the books—info on ways to get them can be found on the Books page on the course website.

I love questions, so please email me with any you have. See you next Tuesday!

Welcome to Civilizations of the Ancient World! (Spring 2025)

30 December 2024

Lion from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon.

Welcome to Civilizations of the Ancient World! I’m looking forward to a great semester exploring the cultures and transformations of ancient societies, from “prehistory” to the rise of the Roman Empire.

Right now, I need you to do three things.

First, look over the course web page, which will be our base of operations. Watch the quick welcome and orientation video (linked here and on the overview page). Look through each of the pages on the website to see how the course will work, and make sure to click through to the schedule page to see how the readings, videos, and discussions are set up. Any questions about how it works, please send me an email.

Second, get the books now if you can. A lot of you will be ordering books online, and you need to make sure you have the books and are ready to go when the course starts on January 28. On the “Books” page I’ve tried to give you lots of different options for getting what you need, but you should order now if there’s going to be any kind of shipping involved. (If you come across a legitimate online/e-text version of one of the assigned readings that’s not already listed, please let me know.)

Finally, send me an email so that I know I have a working email address for you. You can just send a blank email, email and say “hi”, or email with a question or concern, but I want to make sure I can contact everyone. If you receive an email from me but there is an email address you prefer I use instead of this one, please definitely reply and tell me that.

Email me anytime with questions at mark.wilson@lehman.cuny.edu. I’m looking forward to starting our journey together.

Link to course website